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A conning tower is a raised platform on a ship or submarine, often armored, from which an officer can conn the vessel, ''i.e.'', give directions to the helmsman. It is usually located as high on the ship as practical, to give the conning team good visibility of the entirety of their ship itself and of ocean conditions and other vessels. The verb “conn” probably stems from the verb “conduct” rather from another plausible precedent, the verb “control”.〔(conning ) definition on Dictionary.com; see Origin section under definition 3.〕 == Surface ships == On surface ships, the conning tower was a feature of all battleships and armored cruisers from about 1860 to the early years of World War II. Located at the front end of the superstructure, the conning tower was a heavily armored cylinder, with tiny slit windows on three sides providing a reasonable field of view. Designed to shield just enough personnel and devices for navigation during battles, its interior was cramped and basic, with little more than engine order telegraphs, speaking tubes or telephones, and perhaps a steering wheel.〔(The Conning Tower ) of the , ''The Spanish-American War Centennial Website''〕 At all other times than during battles, the ship would be navigated from the bridge instead. Conning towers were used by the French on their floating batteries at the Battle of Kinburn.〔 They were then fitted to the first ironclad the .〔 The first Royal Navy conning tower appeared on which had 3 inches of armour. In the Royal Navy (RN), the conning tower became a massive structure reaching weights of hundreds of tons on the s (such as ), and formed part of a massive armoured citadel (superstructure) on the mid-1920s s which had armour over a foot thick. The , in contrast to the ''Nelson'' class had comparatively light conning tower protection with 4.5 inches sides, 3 inch front and rear, and 2 inch roof and deck.〔Raven and Roberts, ''British Battleships of WW2'', p415: R&R also state: "''Another feature of interest is the retention of the heavily armoured conning towers in the American, French and German navies. These structures were of little use and added considerably to the top weight and weight of armour. That of the Bismarck certainly seems to have done little to protect her officers, communications and fire control arrangements, all of which suffered heavily in the early stages of her action with KGV and Rodney.''"〕 The RN's analysis of World War I combat revealed that command personnel were unlikely to utilize an armoured conning tower, preferring the superior visibility of unarmoured bridge positions.〔Raven and Roberts, ''British Battleships of WW2'', p415〕 Older RN battleships that were reconstructed with new superstructures, had their heavily armoured conning towers removed and replaced with much lighter structures. These new conning towers were also placed much higher in the ship, for superior visibility.〔Raven and Roberts, ''British Battleships of WW2''〕 There is no evidence that RN captains and admirals utilized the armoured conning towers on those ships that did have them during World War II and Captain Kerr and Admiral Holland fought the ''Hood'', for example, from her unarmoured bridge.〔(Testimony of Ted Briggs )〕 Even in the USN, battleship captains and admirals preferred to use the unarmoured bridge positions during combat.〔Morison, S. E. ''History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Operations in North African Waters, Volume Two'', p93. On November 8, 1942, USS ''Massachusetts'' came under fire while engaging Vichy French naval units and shore batteries: "''Throughout this action, heavy stuff was whizzing over Massachusetts and splashing in the water close aboard. Admiral Giffen and Captain Whiting disdained the protection of the armor-cased conning tower, and directed the battle from the open flying bridge.''"〕〔(''U.S.S. North Carolina - Action of August 24, 1942, report of.'' ): "21. Ship control was maintained in the Pilot House on the Navigation Bridge where personnel were in an exposed position. This was necessary in order to keep station on the , guide of Task Force Sixteen, while that vessel maneuvered radically without signal at twenty-seven (27) knots during the attack. Due to the limited visibility aft, handling the ship under such conditions from the Conning Tower is not practicable."〕 The United States Navy had mixed opinions of the conning tower, pointing out that its weight, high above the ship's center of gravity, did not contribute directly to fighting ability. Beginning in the late 1930s, as radar surpassed visual sighting as the primary method of detecting other ships, battleships began reducing or eliminating the conning tower. The battle of Guadalcanal during World War II briefly slowed this trend: when the hit on the superstructure, many exposed crewmen were killed or wounded yet Admiral Lee and Captain Davis of the ''Washington'' declined to use the armoured conning tower during the battle.〔Musicant, ''Battleship at war'', p118. Captain Davis of the ''Washington'' and Admiral Lee fought 2nd Guadalcanal from the unarmoured bridges of their battleships. Musicant makes reference to ''South Dakota'' Bridge personnel observing the battle but remains silent on their use of the armoured conning tower.〕 Even that demonstration, however, did not halt the trend, and soon the heavy battleship conning towers were removed from , , , and , during their post-Pearl Harbor attack reconstructions and replaced with much lighter cruiser-style conning towers. By the end of World War II, US ships were designed with expanded weather bridges enclosing the armored conning towers. On s, the conning tower is a vertical armor-plated cylinder with slit windows located in the middle of the bridge, climbing from deck 03 all the way up to the flying bridge on 05. With the demise of battleships after World War II, along with the advent of missiles and nuclear weapons during the Cold War, modern warships no longer feature conning towers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conning tower」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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